AI Unlocks Secrets Behind Preterm Births in India

An innovative AI-based genetic study conducted by Indian researchers has unveiled crucial insights into the causes of preterm births, a significant contributor to infant mortality and long-term developmental challenges. This pioneering research has identified specific microorganisms linked to premature delivery, potentially transforming preventive strategies and treatment protocols.

Preterm birth, occurring before the 37th week of pregnancy, can severely affect the development of vital organs such as the brain, lungs, and liver. Premature infants often face serious health challenges, including difficulties with breathing, temperature regulation, and feeding, alongside increased risks of developmental delays. The study, a collaborative effort between Mumbai’s National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (NIRRCH), the Indian Council of Medical Research’s biomedical informatics division in New Delhi, and Noida’s Amity Institute of Biotechnology, has identified three microorganisms, three genes, and three bacterial pathways that contribute to infections in the vaginal area, heightening the risk of preterm birth.

In a groundbreaking approach, researchers analysed global data from 3,757 women of various ethnicities, comparing 966 samples from women who experienced preterm births with 2,791 from those who delivered at term. This analysis, led by Dr. Abhishek Sengupta of the Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Dr. Deepak Modi of NIRRCH, employed advanced AI algorithms to pinpoint bacterial species present in higher concentrations among women with preterm deliveries. The study revealed that the microbial compositions differed significantly by geographic region. For example, bacterial profiles in Indian women varied from those in European or African women, highlighting the need for region-specific preventive measures.

The researchers are now developing AI-based software and diagnostic kits designed to identify infection-causing microorganisms. This technology aims to assist both women and healthcare providers in detecting potential risks associated with urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy-related complications. In India, where preterm births and low birth weight are leading causes of neonatal mortality—with approximately 3.5 million preterm births and 300,000 infant deaths annually—this new approach could significantly impact public health. The introduction of AI-driven diagnostic tools promises to enhance early detection and intervention, potentially reducing the incidence of preterm births and improving outcomes for infants and their families.